Table of Contents

1. General Emergency Principles
2. Engine Failure Procedures
3. Fire Emergency Procedures
4. Electrical System Failures
5. Communication Failures
6. Weather-Related Emergencies
7. Emergency Landing Procedures
8. Emergency Equipment and Signals

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GENERAL EMERGENCY PRINCIPLES

Primary Priorities (ABC)

A – AIRSPEED: Maintain appropriate airspeed for the situation B – BEST LANDING AREA: Identify suitable landing area if required C – CHECKLIST: Follow appropriate emergency checklist

Emergency Action Sequence

1. FLY THE AIRPLANE – Maintain aircraft control at all times
2. ASSESS THE SITUATION – Determine the nature and severity of the emergency
3. TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION – Follow established procedures
4. LAND AS SOON AS PRACTICAL – Choose appropriate landing option

Communication Protocol

• DECLARE EMERGENCY: Use “MAYDAY” for life-threatening situations or “PAN-PAN” for urgent situations
• SQUAWK 7700: Set transponder to emergency code
• PROVIDE INFORMATION: Aircraft type, location, nature of emergency, souls on board, fuel remaining

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ENGINE FAILURE PROCEDURES

Single-Engine Aircraft – Engine Failure

Immediate Actions (Memory Items)

1. AIRSPEED – Establish best glide speed immediately
2. ATTITUDE – Lower nose to maintain airspeed
3. AREA – Select suitable forced landing area
4. ATTEMPT RESTART – If altitude and time permit

Engine Failure Checklist

1. Mixture – RICH
2. Fuel Selector – BOTH (or appropriate tank)
3. Fuel Pump – ON
4. Carburetor Heat – ON (if equipped)
5. Ignition – BOTH
6. Throttle – CRACK OPEN
7. If restart unsuccessful:
   • Fuel Selector – OFF
   • Mixture – IDLE CUT-OFF
   • Ignition – OFF
   • Master Switch – OFF (when landing is assured)

Multi-Engine Aircraft – Engine Failure

Critical Actions

1. MAINTAIN CONTROL – Counter yaw with rudder
2. AIRSPEED – Maintain Vyse (blue line speed)
3. IDENTIFY – Dead engine (dead foot, dead engine)
4. VERIFY – Throttle to idle on failed engine
5. FEATHER – Propeller on failed engine
6. GEAR UP – If airborne
7. FLAPS UP – As required

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FIRE EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Engine Fire During Start

1. Continue Cranking – To draw fire into engine
2. Mixture – IDLE CUT-OFF
3. Fuel Selector – OFF
4. Master Switch – OFF
5. Fire Extinguisher – Use if available
6. Evacuate – If fire continues

Engine Fire in Flight

1. Mixture – IDLE CUT-OFF
2. Fuel Selector – OFF
3. Master Switch – OFF
4. Cabin Heat/Air – OFF
5. Airspeed – Increase to find minimum
6. LAND IMMEDIATELY – At nearest suitable airport

Electrical Fire

1. Master Switch – OFF
2. All Electrical Switches – OFF
3. Vents/Cabin Heat/Air – CLOSED
4. Fire Extinguisher – Use if available
5. Land – As soon as possible
6. Ventilate – After fire is extinguished

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FAILURES

Complete Electrical Failure

1. Flight Instruments – Check battery-powered backup
2. Navigation – Use pilotage and dead reckoning
3. Communication – Use emergency frequencies if partial power available
4. Landing – Plan for no-radio approach
5. Battery Conservation – Turn off all non-essential equipment

Alternator/Generator Failure

1. Master Switch – Cycle OFF then ON
2. Circuit Breakers – Check and reset if tripped
3. Non-Essential Equipment – Turn OFF
4. Battery Management – Conserve for essential systems
5. Land – As soon as practical

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COMMUNICATION FAILURES

Two-Way Radio Communication Failure

VFR Conditions

1. Continue Flight – Maintain VFR
2. Squawk 7600 – Communication failure code
3. Land – At nearest suitable airport
4. Ground Signals – Watch for light gun signals

IFR Conditions

1. Squawk 7600
2. Route: Fly assigned route, then vectors received, then filed flight plan
3. Altitude: Fly highest of – minimum IFR altitude, assigned altitude, or expected altitude
4. Approach: At destination ETA or flight plan ETA, whichever is later

Light Gun Signals from Tower

• Steady Green: Cleared to land/taxi
• Flashing Green: Return for landing/cleared to taxi
• Steady Red: Stop/give way
• Flashing Red: Taxi clear of runway/airport unsafe
• Flashing White: Return to starting point
• Alternating Red/Green: General warning signal

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WEATHER-RELATED EMERGENCIES

Inadvertent IMC (Instrument Meteorological Conditions)

1. Don’t Panic – Maintain aircraft control
2. Attitude Indicator – Primary reference
3. 180-Degree Turn – If possible and safe
4. Climb – If terrain clearance is a concern
5. Declare Emergency – Request immediate assistance
6. Follow ATC Vectors – If available

Icing Conditions

1. Exit Icing – Change altitude or course
2. De-icing Equipment – Activate if available
3. Airspeed – Maintain adequate margin above stall
4. Land – As soon as practical
5. Avoid – Unnecessary maneuvering

Severe Turbulence

1. Airspeed – Reduce to maneuvering speed (Va)
2. Attitude – Maintain wings level
3. Power – Adjust to maintain airspeed
4. Course – Deviate if possible
5. Restraints – Ensure all occupants secured

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EMERGENCY LANDING PROCEDURES

Forced Landing (Engine Failure)

1. Airspeed – Best glide speed
2. Landing Area – Select most suitable
3. Wind – Determine direction and strength
4. Pattern – Plan approach pattern
5. Checklist – Complete emergency checklist
6. Prepare Cabin – Secure loose objects, brief passengers
7. Approach – Maintain recommended approach speed
8. Landing – Touch down at minimum safe speed

Precautionary Landing

1. Area Selection – Choose suitable area
2. Reconnaissance – Overfly area to check conditions
3. Pattern – Fly normal pattern if possible
4. Approach – Use normal approach procedures
5. Go-Around – Be prepared if conditions unsuitable

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EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SIGNALS

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

• Activates automatically upon impact
• Transmits on 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz
• Can be manually activated
• Should be tested only during first 5 minutes of each hour

Emergency Frequencies

• 121.5 MHz: Civil emergency frequency
• 243.0 MHz: Military emergency frequency
• Guards both: Monitor continuously when possible

Emergency Signals

• Transponder Codes:
  • 7700: Emergency
  • 7600: Communication failure
  • 7500: Hijack
• Radio Calls:
  • MAYDAY: Life-threatening emergency
  • PAN-PAN: Urgent situation requiring priority handling

Survival Equipment

• First aid kit
• Flashlight with extra batteries
• Emergency food and water
• Signaling devices
• Appropriate clothing for climate
• Fire extinguisher
• Emergency checklist

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EMERGENCY CONTACT INFORMATION

In-Flight Emergencies

• Air Traffic Control: Contact current frequency or 121.5 MHz
• Flight Service: 122.2 MHz or appropriate frequency
• Emergency Services: Relay through ATC

Ground Emergencies

• Fire Department: 911
• Medical Emergency: 911
• Airport Operations: Contact tower or airport manager

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TRAINING AND PROFICIENCY

Regular Practice Required

• Emergency procedures should be practiced regularly
• Simulated emergencies during training flights
• Knowledge of aircraft-specific procedures
• Familiarity with emergency equipment operation

Aircraft-Specific Information

• Always refer to Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
• Know your aircraft’s specific emergency procedures
• Understand aircraft limitations and performance
• Practice emergency procedures specific to your aircraft type

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REMEMBER: The key to successful emergency management is preparation, practice, and maintaining proficiency. Stay current with your aircraft’s emergency procedures and practice them regularly with a qualified instructor.

DISCLAIMER: This guide provides general emergency procedures. Always refer to your aircraft’s specific Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) and follow manufacturer’s recommended procedures. Regular training with a certified flight instructor is essential for emergency preparedness.